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The entire security apparatus – including local police and private security guards – was subsequently placed under then Minister of Defense, Col. Rafael Arriaga Bosque. National elections for president, Congress, and municipal offices were held in November 1995. Every day men are kidnapped right in the street by unidentified people in cars, armed to the teeth, with no intervention by the police patrols. The CCL were local leaders, often communitarian authorities, who served as political representatives for the guerrilla. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of a movement called the Regional de Occidente, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971. In an interview with investigative journalist Allen Nairn, Lt. Col. Maynes stated that Benedicto Lucas consulted with him on a regular basis. They declared that democratic elections would be held before the end of the year. [152], On 7 July 1980, Col. Miguel Angel Natareno Salazar, head of the infamous Fourth Corps of the National Police, was assassinated along with his driver and two bodyguards while on his way to work. The military was concerned about the infringement on the sovereignty of their country as unmarked US warplanes piloted by US-based Cuban exiles flew in large numbers over their country and the US established a secret airstrip and training camp at Retalhuleu to prepare for its invasion of Cuba. Indians: The majority of the population was composed of native or indigenous Guatemalans, most of whom were Mayan peoples. [215] Both sides used terror as a deliberate policy. The PID dominated Guatemalan politics for twelve years through electoral frauds favoring two of Col. Carlos Arana's protégés (Gen. Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia in 1974 and Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia in 1978). Another US Green Beret interviewed by the New York Times – Major Larry Salmon – who had operated in Guatemala from 1980 to 1982, described how he had helped the Guatemalans plan their tactical training and had given course instructions to the Guatemalan Army Parachute Brigade. The first two years of Cerezo's administration were characterized by a stable economy and a marked decrease in political violence. [161] The insurgency subsequently found itself overwhelmed on both urban and countryside fronts. 98 73 Those identified in his kidnapping were policemen Ramírez Ríos, Lancerio Gómez, Hugo Rolando Gómez Osorio and Alfonso Guillermo de León Marroquín. While the CIA and the US Green Berets continued to function covertly in Guatemala – providing training and counterinsurgency advice – a critical aspect of American support involved outsourcing operations to proxies such as Israel and Argentina. [55], A series of military coups d'état followed, featuring fraudulent elections in which only military personnel were the winner candidates. Additionally, Col. Germán Chupina Barahona – who was responsible for much of the repression in the capital under Lucas – was forced to resign and Col. Hernán Ponce Nitsch, a former instructor at the US Army School of the Americas, was appointed as director-general of the National Police. IV 1999, Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Caso No. [192], While wholesale killings of indigenous peasants escalated to unprecedented levels in the countryside, "death squad" killings in the cities decreased. [8], Declassified CIA documents report that the U.S. Government organized, funded, and equipped the 1954 coup d'état, deposing the elected Guatemalan presidential government of Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán.
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