the frescoes in the Church of the Dormition in Gorodok. The next was most likely finished by 1635, with the renewal of all monumental paintings and the iconostasis of the Trinity Lavra. Around the cup, which is placed on the table, the silent dialogue of gestures takes place. Because in 2020 due to quarantine not everyone will be able to go to the temple, it’s time to figure out what is encrypted in the childhood we all familiar masterpiece. Image was created with a special technique of applying the image directly to the wood, providing with deep colors. [34] As it became clear during another restoration in 1919, Guryanov didn't reach the original layer in some places. Traditionally, we believe Theophanes the Greek mentored Rublev in the art of iconography. In, Nikolai A. Golubtsov, Presyataya Troitsa I domostroitel’stvo (Ob ikone inoka Andreya Rubleva) [The Holy Trinity and housebuilding (On the icon of Holy Trinity by. £5.00 £ 5. Art historians attribute most of the damage of the layer of paint to that period. Problems with the safe-keeping of The Trinity started in 1918–19 immediately after its cleaning. It is believed that Nikon, who became the prior after the death of Sergius of Radonezh, sensed his forthcoming death, and invited Andrei Rublev and Daniel Chorny to finish the decoration of the recently built cathedral. At the time of Rublev, the Holy Trinity was the embodiment of spiritual unity, peace, harmony, mutual love and humility.[6]. Both the restorer and the eyewitnesses of the occasion were stunned. The first angel is the first person of the Trinity – God the Father; the second, middle angel is God the Son; the third angel is God the Holy Spirit. Scholars can be quite certain that by the mid-16th century, Rublev was considered to be the author of an icon with such name. Trinity: Week 1. (Насонов А. Н. Новые источники по истории Казанского «взятия». The icon is presently strengthened by shponkas, i. e. small dowels that are used specifically for icons. [7] Even the authorship of Rublev has been questioned. The Oak is located in the centre, above the angel who symbolizes Jesus. Reimer The spirituality of Andrei Rublev’s Icon of the Holy Trinity 170 the left, a tree over the angel in the centre and a mount over the head of the angel on the right. Compared to other icons such as Theotokos of Vladimir or Our Lady of Kazan The Trinity was not particularly revered, because there was nothing special about it, it was not "miracle-working" or myrrh-streaming, and it didn't become a source for a large number of copies. %���� It is the total revelation of God: God the Father as Creator; God the Son as Redeemer; God the Holy Spirit as Sanctifier and Comforter. [20] But neither Life of St. Sergius, the hagiographical account of his life, nor Life of St. Nikon mention The Trinity icon, it is only written the decoration of the Cathedral in 1425–1427. The icon was commissioned to honour Saint Sergius of Radonezh of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, near Moscow, now in the town of Sergiyev Posad. The present condition of The Trinity differs from its original condition. Глава VI. The Trinity is currently held in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. Take Your Place at the Table Tuesday, September 13, 2016. 1 was created in 1925. Some details and lines were restored, others were found damaged beyond restoration.[32]. All three angels are blessing the chalice, in which lies a sacrificed calf, prepared for eating. [23] Plugin said that the icon was brought to the Lavra by Ivan himself, and that The Trinity had been created much earlier, probably 150 years prior to that date. Changes were made to it at least as early as 1600, and most probably even earlier. Методические рекомендации", Ю. Г. Мальков. It was painted in the late 14th century by Andrei Rublev, a monk at the monastery of Zagorsk, near Moscow. First it happened in 1941 during World War II evacuation. On 20 April 1920 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree called About the Conversion of the Historical and Artistic Valuables of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius into a Museum (Russian: Об обращении в музей историко-художественных ценностей Троице-Сергиевой лавры). It had to be liquidated later. In this icon, Abraham and Sarah are completely absent. The Trinity was further renewed in 1777 at the times of the Metropolitan Platon, when the whole iconostasis was remade. Of course, it does not portray the eternal mystery of God in himself, who would dare to do that? [32], As soon as the icon returned to the Trinity Cathedral's iconostasis, it darkened again very quickly. It is unknown if The Trinity was created during Rublev's peak of creativity in 1408—1420 or late in his life. It contains a lot of semi-legendary stories, including a mention that Nikon of Radonezh, the pupil of Sergius of Radonezh, asked Andrei Rublev "to paint the image of the Holy Trinity to honour the father Sergius". in 1929, the zagorsk history and art museum passed over the most acclaimed russian icon, the "holy trinity" by andrei rublev, which is considered the acme of russian national art, to the tretyakov gallery; since then the icon has been kept under the constant attention of its curators and restorers. After removing the riza, Guryanov did not find out Rublev's painting, but discovered the results of all the "renewals". By 1425 the stone Trinity Cathedral was erected, which still stands today. His main source was the Byzantine art of the Palaiologos era, in particular the paintings created in its capital, Constantinople. [30] However, they most likely intended to point out the high quality of the painting because none of them claimed that it was created under the influence of the Italians. We do not know many of the details of his life. Sergius Golubtsov, Ikona jivonachal’noy Troitsy [The icon of live-creating Trinity]. The most beautiful artistic depiction of this mystery was left to us by Andrei Rublev in the fifteenth century: the world-renowned icon of the Trinity. Religious icon depicting the Holy Trinity according to Andrzej Rublev, made on an alder plank. Usually dispatched within 4 to 5 days. — Археографический ежегодник за 1960 год. The figures of angels are arranged so that the lines of their bodies form a full circle. Various authors suggest different dates, such as 1408–1425, 1422–1423 or 1420–1427. Guryanov's effort was panned even by his contemporaries. [8] There is no action or movement in the painting. The observer who is familiar with the narrative will imagine the Biblical scene of Abraham’s house at the Mamre tree with a view of the moun tains of the Judean desert. FREE Delivery // TPCK // Andrei Rublev - Trinity Three Icons (1425) - Classic Painting Photo Poster Print Art Gift Wall Home Decor - Old Depiction Russian - Size: 12 x 8 Inches (30 x 20 cm) £10.50 £ 10. Until the end of 1904, The Trinity was hidden from the eyes under the heavy golden riza, which left only the faces and the hands of the angels (the so-called "face image") open. Rublev’s icon was chosen as the prototype because it is the most well-known Russian icon, probably in the whole world, but certainly in Orthodoxy. [27] The Trinity is still generally accepted as his work. FREE Delivery. The subject of The Trinity received various interpretations at different time periods, but by the 19th–20th century the consensus among scholars was the following: the three angels who visited Abraham represented the Christian Trinity, "one God in three persons" – the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Icons were taken out of the rizas that used to cover them almost completely except for faces and hands and then cleaned. Style analysis shows that it could have been created around 1408, because it is stylistically similar to his frescoes in the Dormition Cathedral (created roughly at the same time). Ежемесячный научный журнал № 6/2014. By the summer of 1931 the progress of narrowing the gap via exposure to the humidity ceased. He was helped by V. A. Tyulin and A. I. Izraztsov. Probably the most famous of all Russian religious paintings , it represents one of the highpoints of Russian art of the late Medieval era. науч. [31] The Trinity was under "renewal" four or five times. Finally, the mountain is a symbol of the spiritual ascent, which mankind accomplishes with the help of the Holy Spirit. Just as Tradition suggests that the three angels who visited Abraham are understood to represent the Trinity, so that… Yury Olsufyev attempted repair by moving the icon to a special room with artificially induced high humidity of circa 70%. Биография. It has left the Gallery only twice. Москва, Советский художник, 1987. c.238–258, "Троица Рублёва, тихое озарение Сергиевской Руси", Semiotic systemity of visual artworks: Case study of The Holy Trinity by Rublev, A. Kriza, "Legitimizing the Rublev Trinity: Byzantine iconophile arguments in medieval Russian debates over the representation of the Divine," Byzantinoslavica 74 (2016) 134–152, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(Andrei_Rublev)&oldid=1011998849, Paintings depicting figures from the Book of Genesis, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox artwork with the backcolor parameter, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Godunov's copy, commissioned by Boris Godunov in 1598–1600 for the purpose of moving the Ivan the Terrible riza to it. £29.95 £ 29. In Andrei Rublev’s icon, the persons of the Holy Trinity are shown in the order in which they are confessed in the Credo. The clearing was necessary because the icons were traditionally coated with a layer of drying oil. In the background, Rublev painted a house (supposedly Abraham's house), a tree (the Oak of Mamre), and a mountain (Mount Moriah). All angels' clothes were repainted in a lilac tone and whitewashed not with paint, but with gold; the table, the mountain and the house were repainted… There were only faces left on which it was possible to evaluate that this icon was ancient, but even they were shaded by brown oil paint.". Since 1997 the icon is moved every Pentecost from Andrei Rublev's room to the Tretyakov Gallery's church. Y. Malkov summed up: Only the painting's exposure in 1918 can be called "a restoration" in the modern scientific meaning of this word (and even that cannot be said without some reservations); all previous works on The Trinity were, in fact, only "renewals", including the "restoration" that took place in 1904—1905 under the guidance of V. P. Guryanov... No doubt, the restorers consciously tried to strengthen all the graphic and linear structure of the icon, with rough augmentation of the figures' contours, clothes, halos. М., 1983, с. The prototype for this icon was the mysterious appearance of the Holy Trinity … The icon of the Trinity was painted around 1410 by Andrei Rublev. Russian orthodox icon of holy trinity andrei rublev a fine wooden plaque with a religious painting in a frayed gold frame. £3.99 delivery. Andrei Rublev’s visual interpretation of The Holy Trinity (between 1408 and 1425) is arguably the most renowned icon of all, certainly in the West. The first President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin had an idea of handing the icon over back to the Church. The Trinity was painted on a vertically aligned board. In Rublev's icon, the form that most clearly represents the idea of the consubstantiality of the Trinity's three hypostases is a circle. The first person to make the suggestion was Dmitry Rovinsky even before the cleaning, but his idea "was immediately extinguished by the note from metropolitan Philaret; and again, on the basis of the legend, the icon was attributed to Rublev. (John 17:21), The wings of two angels, the Father and the Son, interlap. But here is what we do know; he was born in the mid to late 14th century. It really is a depiction of the Hospitality of Abraham. The present surface is a combination of layers created during various time periods. [6] The starting point of the divine administration is the creative Will of God, therefore Rublev places the Abraham's house above the corresponding angel's head. AZSTEEL Holy Trinity Painting Rublev Print Icon Christian Religious Wall Art Poster. The icon is kept in Andrei Rublev's room of the Tretyakov Gallery. Christopher Evan Longhurst* Russian Orthodox Trinitarian theology in its most famous artistic expression. [1] Valentin Yanin said: "The Trinity is an outstanding work of art, a national patrimony, which should be available to people of all beliefs regardless of their religion. It attempts, rather, to represent this mystery as it is reflected in the gift of itself in history, as in the visit of the three men to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre (Gen 18:1-33). It is the foundation of the composition. The dating of The Trinity is uncertain. revealing direct iconographic affinity with this kind of representations, the Trinity as painted by Rublev, has its own features that carry a new quality and a new content. The Old Testament Trinity in theology Images of the Trinity in the form of three angels represent Chapter 18 of the Book of Genesis. Дружкова, НАТАЛИЯ ИВАНОВНА. Rublev portrayed what has become the quintessential icon of the Holy Trinity by depicting the three mysterious strangers who visited Abraham (Genesis 18:1-15). М.,1966. A lot of different icons and frescoes were attributed to him, e.g. Under normal conditions, the drying oil fully darkened in 30–90 years. [13] The wings of the Holy Spirit do not touch the Son's wings, they are imperceptibly divided by the Son's spear. In 2008 Levon Nersesyan, one of the Gallery staff members, revealed that Patriarch Alexy had requested the icon to be brought to the Lavra for the religious holiday in the summer of 2009. The sacrifice of the calf signifies the … Twice a year, in spring and in autumn, humidity in the Trinity Cathedral increased and the icon was transferred to the so-called First Icon Depository. Vasily Guryanov stated that it was renewed two more times in 1835 and 1854: by the Palekh school painters and by the artist I. M. Malyshev, respectively. On the table, there is a cup containing the head of a calf. Наше наследие 4 (1988): 25–26. 2 0 obj Педагогика искусства: электрон. He did not paint Abraham, Sarah, the scene of calf's slaughter, nor did he give any details on the meal. Invited by the prior of the Trinity Lavra in the spring of 1904, Vasily Guryanov took the icon out from the iconostasis, removed the riza and then cleaned it from the "renewals" and the drying oil. In Rublev's icon we observe for the first time all the three Angels shown equal. Rublev Trinity Icon Explained : Andrei Rublev's Icon of the Holy Trinity Explained! Religious Icon. It was then decided to strengthen the layer of gesso and the layer of paint with mastic, and fill the gap with it. There are three primary colors in Rublev’s icon, each illustrating a facet of the Holy One: Gold: “the Father”—perfection, fullness, wholeness, the ultimate Source Blue: “the Incarnate Christ”—both sea and sky mirroring one another (In the icon, Christ wears blue and holds up two fingers, telling us he has put spirit and matter, divinity and humanity, together within himself. An ‘icon’ of an icon! The icon painters were supposed to make the frescos and create the many-tiered iconostasis. According to Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius records as of 1575, the icon was "covered with gold" at the order of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. The pinnacle and definitive Icon of the Holy Trinity was revealed in the 15th century, at the hand of St Andrei Rublev. "The gestures of angels, smooth and restrained, demonstrate the sublime nature of their conversation". "[1] The icon eventually stayed in the museum. [1], The Trinity depicts the three angels who visited Abraham at the Oak of Mamre (Genesis 18:1–8), but the painting is full of symbolism and is interpreted as an icon of the Holy Trinity. Nevertheless, art critics, taking into account the style of the icon, do not consider the matter resolved. [22], The Soviet historian Vladimir Plugin had a theory that the icon had nothing to do with Nikon of Radonezh, but was brought to the Trinity Lavra by Ivan the Terrible. Igor Grabar dated The Trinity 1408–1425, Yulia Lebedeva suggested 1422–1423, Valentina Antonova suggested 1420–1427. Eugeny N. Trubetskoi, Russkaya ikonopis'. The figures gaze into eternity in the state of motionless contemplation. The director was accused of committing a misfeasance. A new icon could be painted over the darkened layer. [16] Another copy of the riza was made in 1926–28. [1] There are persistent gaps between the ground and paint layers, especially in the margins. [29] Viktor Lazarev compared it to the works of Piero della Francesca. It depicts three angels sitting at a table. It is his most famous work and the most famous of all Russian icons, and it is regarded as one of the highest achievements of Russian art. The middle angel and the one on the left bless the cup with a hand gesture. After Guryanov removed three upper layers, the last of which was painted in the Palekh school style, he revealed the original layer. (Mt 26:39)[12] The nature of each of the three hypostases is revealed through their symbolic attributes, i.e. журн. By the Orthodox church tradition, the consecrated copy of an icon and the original (also called the protograph) are completely interchangeable.[1]. / 15th century russian christian icon (en);. All the other staff, art critics and art historians were against it. Usually, it had the same theme but the style was changed accordingly to the new aesthetic principles of that time. [10] The silent communion of the three angels is the centre of the composition. Сhristian Art. It was carried out by I. Suslov, V. Tyulin, and G. Chirikov. [32] These documents are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery archives. It is placed under a special show-window with perfect temperature and humidity conditions. [21] On the other hand, The Trinity demonstrates firmness and perfection which was unmatched even by the best of Trinity Cathedral's icons painted between 1425 and 1427. £2.95 delivery. Аверинцев, С. С. endobj On 17 May 1945 The Trinity was returned to the Tretyakov Gallery. М., 1906 г. Zagorsk National Park & Museum of History and Arts, "Русская иконопись от истоков до начала XVI века. This dating is based on the dates of the construction of both churches. The cleaning of The Trinity could theoretically reveal a perfect example of his style and help with the examination of the other icons that were attributed to him on the basis of legends or common belief.[17]. It took the main place (to the right of the royal doors) in the bottom tier of the iconostasis. In 1408, the monastery of the Holy Trinity of St.. Sergius was completely destroyed, but Blessed Nikon, with the help of the Princes of Moscow, set about reconstructing it according to its original plans, expanding it north eastwards as well. VI.15. 5.0 out of 5 stars 2. Andrei Rublev's Trinity Icon. %PDF-1.5 The committee of restorers of the Tretyakov Gallery deliberated at length on various suggestions of how to further strengthen the icon, and on 10 November 2008 the committee concluded that the present, stable condition of the icon is not to be interfered with in any circumstance. So what he painted was a story in Scripture, not his imagination of what “the Holy Trinity is like”. Before the October Revolution The Trinity remained in the Trinity Cathedral, but after the Soviet government sent it to the recently founded Central National Restoration Workshop. [1], There are two consecrated copies of The Trinity. Rublev (1360-1425) stands as an exception to the general anonymity of Orthodox iconographers. [14] The poses and the inclinations of the Holy Spirit and the Son's heads demonstrate their submission to the Father, yet their placement on the thrones at the same level symbolizes equality.[15]. [32] The first renewal probably happened during the tsardom of Boris Godunov. The Holy Trinity, which is the theme of Andrzej Rublev's painting, is depicted as three wanderers visiting Abraham. The Russian ethnographer Ivan Snegiryov made a suggestion that The Trinity kept in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius was in fact the icon of Rublev, who then was one of the few Russian icon painters known by name. 61–62. It is sometimes called the icon of the Old Testament Trinity. С. [10] However, in 1998 Boris Kloss pointed out that the so-called Troitsk Story of the Siege of Kazan, written before June 1553,[24] contains a clear reference to the fact that Ivan the Terrible only "decorated" the existing icon for the Lavra.[25][26]. One of the most important, if not the most important, artistic representations of the Holy Trinity is St. Andrew Rublev’s icon of the Hospitality of Abraham. [The Greek φιλοξενία means the love of strangers, love of foreigners.] At the same time, the angels are not inserted into the circle, but create it instead, thus our eyes can't stop at any of the three figures and rather dwell inside this limited space. However, due to lack of other facts, this version of The Trinity's making is generally accepted. Nevertheless, after cleaning of the icon art critics were so amazed by its beauty that some theories arose about it being created by an Italian painter. [19] Unfortunately this late source is viewed by most historians as unreliable. The icon is based on a story from the Book of Genesis called Abraham and Sarah's Hospitality or The Hospitality of Abraham (§18). 10). Гуляева, Е. Ю. Rublev’s version of the Hospitality of Abraham (Old Testament Trinity) is the best example of this iconographical trend (Fig. Rublev’s icon, and icons like it earlier or later, is popularly, but not properly called the “Holy Trinity”. М., 1857, с. 95. The Baranov and Chirikov's copy, commissioned in 1926–28 for the International Icon Restoration Exhibition in 1929. The impactful center of the composition is the cup with the calf's head. [4][5] Scholars believe that it is one of only two works of art (the other being the Dormition Cathedral frescoes in Vladimir) that can be attributed to Rublev with any sort of certainty. Our understanding of the Trinity … However Valentin Yanin with an assistance of Yuri Melentyev, the Minister of Culture at that time, managed to meet with the President and made him change his mind. In 1626 Michael I ordered golden tsatas with enamel and gemstones to be added to the riza. There was even an obvious meddling in the inner sanctum, the "face image" area, where insufficiently cleaned remains of the author's.. lines...(which were already rather schematically reproduced by the latest renewals of the 16—19th centuries) were literally rumpled and absorbed by the rigid graphics of V. P. Guryanov and his assistants. Restoration work commenced on 28 November 28, 1918 and lasted until 2 January 2, 1919. Guryanov recorded the crack during his cleaning: a 1905 photograph depicts the crack as already present. Andrei Rublev, (pronounced “Rooblyohff), a monk from Holy Trinity Monastery, is the iconographer behind the most popular icon of the Holy Trinity. Huelin, Scott, "The Hospitality of Abraham: A Meditation," SEEN Journal 14/2 (spring 2014), pp. Both copies are now kept in the Trinity Lavra's Trinity Cathedral iconostasis. Finished up with golden decoration. [2�3;�.L���H�dz�\^�=���pf�D��p�?w N��m���~���vY�LVכ�#Y5�blݸ�;�SV��b{��|��Qt)Z�};IQGVl��)��[6�E~[|�#�v���S. “Comprehending the Trinity as a adult is hard enough; how do we explain it to children? [2] The question of when the conversation with Nikon occurred remains open. [11], The left angel symbolizes God the Father. The Three Angels lean toward each other in mutual love, their hands held in a blessing directed toward the centre. 95. The blue colour of the Holy Spirit's robe symbolizes divinity, the green colour represents new life. Abraham ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calf, and set curds, milk and the calf before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate (Genesis 18:1–8). In 1551 C.E. endobj In 1915 Nikolai Sychyov pointed out that his restoration actually hid the work of art from us. In Genesis we see the divine dance in an early enigmatic story (18:1-8). The Oak of Mamre can be interpreted as the tree of life,[6] and it serves as a reminder of the Jesus's death on the cross and his subsequent resurrection, which opened the way to eternal life. It was called the "icon renewal" (Russian: поновление икон). СПб., 1913, с. After that The Trinity was returned to the iconostasis. The Trinity icon is also known as The Hospitality of Abraham and the icon of The Old Testament Trinity. СПб., 1863, с. The first angel is the first person of the Trinity - God the Father; the second, middle angel is God the Son; the third angel is God the Holy Spirit. Outstanding works of art are supposed to be kept not inside churches for a narrow circle of parishioners to see, but in public museums. a golden riza was commissioned by him and added to the icon. Part 7 of 8 - Sister Nancy Lee Smith talks about the Holy Trinity icon by Andrei Rublev and how we are part of the icon! [10] The unity of the Trinity's three hypostases expresses unity and love between all things: "That they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me." [32], At the beginning of the 20th century many icons were cleaned one by one, and many of them turned out to be masterpieces. Гурьянов В. П. Две местные иконы св. The angels were depicted as talking, not eating. We can talk about the many ways we know God…” The Doctrine of the Trinity The Trinity is the belief that God is revealed to us in three persons existing in a mutual relationship of love. The main icon of the celebration of the feast of the Holy Trinity stand in the center of the temple – the famous “old Testament Trinity” by Andrei Rublev. Another way to explain the Trinity is to use a … [9] Art critics believe that Andrei Rublev's icon was created in accordance with this concept. At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, Russian iconography was "discovered" by art historians as a form of art. Scholars believe that it is one of only two works of art (the other being the Dormition Cathedral frescoes in Vladimir) that can be attributed to Rublev with any sort of certainty. /'/ Анисимов А. И. О древнерусском искусстве. The background and the margins were coloured brown, golden inscription were new. Based on this records and Yury Olsufyev's personal observations, the summary of the works called Protocol No. Писати иконописцем иконы с древних переводов, како греческие иконописцы писали, и как писал Ондрей Рублев и прочие пресловущие иконописцы... Об обращении в музей историко-художественных ценностей Троице-Сергиевой лавры. It says that the biblical Patriarch Abraham 'was sitting at the door of his tent in the heat of the day' by the Oak of Mamre and saw three men standing in front of him, who in the next chapter were revealed as angels. Viktor Lazarev sums it up: "In the light of recent analysis we can definitely state that Rublev was not familiar with the works of Italian art and therefore could not borrow anything from that. Dmitry Aynalov,[28] Nikolai Sychyov and then Nikolay Punin all compared The Trinity to the works of Giotto and Duccio. It handed the Lavra itself and all its collections over to the jurisdiction of the National Education Commissariat "for the purpose of democratization of artistic and historical buildings by transformation of said buildings and collections into museums". The golden riza was renewed in 1600 during the tsardom of Boris Godunov. The Holy Trinity Andrei Rublev. [1], The restorers could not be certain how different layers of paint of different times might have reacted to the slightest ambient changes.
Don Rickles Johnny Carson 7 2 90, White Scrub Pants Amazon, Zoopla Api Examples, Harcrest Wantirna South For Sale, Property To Rent Guildford Pets Allowed, Army Of Two: The Devil's Cartel Split Screen, Naïf French Conjugation, Axs Tickets Not Showing On App, Best Middleweight Fighter Ufc 3, Street Art Festivals Australia,