Neither side won. The Ottoman Empire: In the end of 1914, the Ottoman Empire was brought into the fight as well, after Germany deceived Russia into thinking that Turkey had attacked it. The government of the United States justified the use of the atom bomb on the ground that it brought the Second World War immediately to a close and thus helped to save human lives which would have been lost if the war had continued. The document Second World War, August Offer and Individual Satyagraha Notes | EduRev is a part of the UPSC Course History for UPSC CSE . France had not experienced the huge human losses sustained in the First World War, but would have to recover from the effects of Nazi occupation. However, German troops invaded northern Italy and Mussolini, who had escaped with the help of Germans, headed a proGerman government there. After the First World War, East Prussia had been separated from the rest of Germany. It was as a result of this unity that Germany, Italy and Japan were ultimately defeated. The people in countries which were victims of aggression fought back valiantly. After the closure of the Soviet Union, the post-Cold War world is broadly considered as unipolar, with the United States the sole remaining world power. Thus the war began in Europe between the fascist countries and the major West European PowersâBritain and France. It occurred in the period from 1939 to 1945. The war conducted by Germany with great speed and force is known as blitzkrieg which means a ‘lightning war’. The city was destroyed. Cuban missile crisis in 1962 was the closest the world ever came to a nuclear war; when an American U2 spy plane took photographs of Soviet intermediate ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear payloads, sending a total of 42 medium range missiles and 24 intermediate range missiles to Cuba. World War I also had the effect of bringing political change to Germany and the United Kingdom by bringing near-universal suffrage to these two European powers, turning them into mass electoral democracies for the first time in history (Dennis Cove, 2002). By then, Germany had already surrendered. It began with the end of the Second World War. Fascism was organized barbarism and was not considered an ally by the peoples who were struggling for their independence. The socialist bloc joined the Allies. In many countries, the governments capitulated before the aggres sors without much fighting but people of those countries continued to resist the fascist rule. In November and December 1941, the German advance on Moscow met with stubborn resistance and the invasion was repulsed. The German people felt this was excessively harsh, and developed a deep-set resentment of the Allied victors of WW1 for dealing them this intense punishment. However, both the nations indulged in indirect conflicts and proxy wars by supporting associated nations in places like Korea and Vietnam. Like England, France would be forced to dismantle its colonial empire in the years following the war. Therefore, the war during this period from September 1939 to April 1940 when Germany invaded Norway and Denmark is known as the âphoney warâ. Do you think Western policy of appeasement of the fascist powers brought about the Second World War? In spite of provocations, neither side would want to risk war since no political gains would justify the destruction of their societies. In the east, Russia attacked both Germany and Austria-Hungary. Hitler escaped trial and execution by committing suicide in his Berlin bunker at the end of the war. Nations suffering the highest losses, military and civilian, in descending order, are: USSR: 42,000,000 Many of these amenities are still in use today, including the airports at Stephenville and Torbay (today the St. John's International Airport). Current Affairs Magazine. In June 1948, the Soviet Union jammed roads and railroads that led to West Berlin. In this article, I wanna walk you through the World War 2 for UPSC, World History (UPSC Notes). Therefore Iâm uploading the chapters one by one. The representatives of 26 nations, including Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union, signed a declaration, known as the United Nations Declaration. Many of these brutalities came fully to light when Germany lost the war, after the discovery of places of mass murders and from the descriptions of those in the concentration camps who had survived. The effects of these bombs on the health of those who survived and on their children continue to this day. However, Germany succeeded in capturing the Balkans âGreece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and also large parts of North Africa. Before the war, Europe contained 19 monarchies and 3 republics, yet only a few years afterward, had 13 monarchies, 14 republics and 2 regencies. i am in dire need of old NCERT books( history, geo, civics)2005 or previous editions. It was estimated that casualties in World War II may have approximately 50 million service personnel and civilians. This had impacted at global scale. However, the most popular type of government to gain power after World War I was the republic. It can be summarized that cold war grew out of post-World War II tensions between the two nations, the United States and the Soviet Union that continued for much of the second half of the 20th century. The economy depended for recovery upon assistance from the United States. The Second World War, like the First, started in Europe and assumed the character of a world war. World War and boundary settlements after the First and Second World War First World War. The Cold War also institutionalized a global promise to huge, permanent peacetime military-industrial complexes and large-scale military funding of science. Why? The incidence of interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises were dropped suddenly in the post-Cold War years. The Royal Air Force of Britain played a heroic role in its defence against air raids and conducted air raids on German territories in retaliation. With this the Second World War became truly global. We have seen the causes and consequences of the First World War in our previous article. Japan recognized the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe” and Japan’s leadership was recognized for establishing a new order in Asia. Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created following World War II to address the failings of another international organization, the League of Nations, in maintaining world peace. The depression was brought definitively to an end, and new industrial complexes were built all over the United States. Needed World History NCERT OLD 11th and 12th Contemptory World Part 1 and 2 by Arjun Dev, Is your IAS Course available in Hindi Medium, Your email address will not be published. The collapse of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by Communist governments has generated new civil and ethnic clashes, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. MODERN INDIAN HISTORY NOTES BY IAS NETWORK FOR UPSC PRELIMS . Rising hostilities toward the rest of Europe grew, and many German soldiers rejected to give up fighting, even though Germany's military was ordered to be considerably reduced. Now comes. This campaign was followed by the British attack of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Additionally, the size of the German state was reduced, while that of Italy and France was engorged. The Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe. Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War. Do you think the United States was justified in using the atom bomb against Japan? On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland – the action that led to the Second World War. Disillusionment: In psychological terms, World War I had effects related to those of a revolution. The term world war is typically applied to the two conflicts that happened during the 20th century: World War II, or Second World War (1939-1945) There were other tensions brewing under the surface which many historians believe contributed to the outbreak of war, but the invasion of Poland is certainly a crucial trigger-cause of the battle. There were great changes that occurred after the war. Millions of people were transferred to what are known as concentration camps and killed. [CAPF Topper] Hemant Sharma Rank 118: B.Sc Biotech, Working in Oriental Insurance, Himachal, [Aptitude] Trains, Platforms TSD (Time,Speed,Distance) made easy, [Download] Gujarati Literature Optional Subject Notes by IAS Tejas Parmar, [UPSC Interview Prep.] When the World War II ended, Korea split into North and South Korea. However, many antifascists from these countries continued to fight against fascism inside and outside their countries. Is an IAS officer needed in new India ? Of them about 22 million were soldiers and over 28 million civilians. In North Africa, the German and Italian troops were routed by early 1943. Spared the physical destruction of war, the U.S. economy dominated the world economy. Though soldiers died by the millions in brutal conditions, neither side had any substantive success or gained any benefit. In any case, the prediction of the scientists that the use of the atom bomb would lead to a race for producing atomic weapons came true. The end of all hostilities in Europe became effective from 12,00 a.m. on 9 May 1945. The former superpowers have sustained to maintain and even improve or modify existing nuclear weapons and delivery systems. This entry was posted in Tamil Nadu History Book. World War II was the defining event of the 20th century. There was no single event that caused World War I. The international non-proliferation government emanated from the Cold War still provides disincentives and protections against national or sub-national access to nuclear materials and facilities. The war in Europe started in earnest on September 1, 1939 with the attack of Poland by Nazi Germany, and concluded on September 2, 1945, with the official surrender of the last Axis nation, Japan. She also invaded Greece, but the Italian attack in both the areas was repulsed. It occurred in the period from 1939 to 1945. A renewed effort to secure lasting peace through international organizations. She resisted the German invasion heroically and the German hopes of a quick victory were thwarted. Nonetheless, a harsher set of terms in the initial treaty may have led to an even stronger bitterness in the German people. What did the Western powers do to counter the aggressive acts of Japan, Italy and Germany between 1931 and 1938? The Japanese achieved significant victories in the war in Asia. This was a particularly disturbing and drawn out process for the French, in Algeria and in Vietnam where they fought prolonged and bitter wars in an attempt to maintain their colonial control. Ltd. Salient Features of the Indian Constitution, Monthly 2. The United States emerged as world leader. Overview. The United States' Entrance and Russia's Exit: Regardless of the stalemate on both fronts in Europe, two important developments in the war happened in 1917. Having conquered almost the entire Europe, except Britain, Germany attacked the Soviet Union, despite the Non-Aggression Pact, on 22 June 1941. The open aggression and rumbling feelings of retaliation showed by Germany foreshadowed the beginning of World War II. In August 1942, the German troops 1 reached the outskirts of Stalingrad. As mentioned before, Hitler had always coveted the vast territory and resources of the Soviet Union. Mussolini of Italy and Hirohito of Japan joined hand with […] Four territories malformed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. Cold war led to damaging conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War. ADVERTISEMENTS: Just after twenty years of the completion of World War I, the Second World War took place. America became the single giant power of the world. / UPSC IAS / Leave a Comment. This was called the Berlin Airlift. After the announcement of ending World War I, it had been observed that there were considerable effects echoed in the world for decades such as changing politics, economics and public attitude. The Western and Eastern Fronts: The first month of battle consisted of brave outbreaks and rapid troop movements on both fronts. In the meantime, Italy also had joined the war on the side of her ally, Germany. In the occurrence of a nuclear war, both sides would be so seriously harmed that it would be impossible to declare one side or the other as the conqueror. Meanwhile, British and American troops entered Italy and a long battle to throw the Germans out of Italy followed. The Government of India immediately joined the war without consulting the National Congress or the elected members of the central legislature. What did she gain from it? By the middle of 1942, the fascist powers had reached the peak of their power. The Second World War broke out in September 1939 when Nazi (Germany) invaded Poland in pursuance of Hitler’s scheme of German expansion. The financial crisis in Germany coupled with misery and unemployment problem gave rise to Hitler. In the first phase of the war with the Soviet Union, Germany achieved significant victories. Evidently, revolution was in the air and people began to more ardently express their desires for a better way of life (Dennis Cove, 2002). This conflict was called the Cuban Missile Crisis. A world war is a war that involve some of the most influential and populated countries of the world. For over five months, the battle raged. There were mass massacres Prisoners were made to dig mass graves, were shot and then buried in those graves. Western and eastern fronts rapidly opened along the borders of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany was totally beaten, and the Nazi regime brought down. The heroic uprising of the Polish people in Warsaw is a glorious chapter m the history of the resistance movements. With the Japanese surrender, the Second World War came to an end. As the economic depression of the 1920s affected most of Western Europe, the League of Nation agreed to reduce some of the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles, but this did little to quell the resentment of the German people. Many saw the war as a continuation of the problems created in World War I. With the German invasion of the Soviet Union, a new vast theatre of war had been opened. Britain also launched a separate campaign against the Turks in Mesopotamia. Consequences of World War 1: The outcome of World War I saw extreme political, cultural, and social revolution across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. The Second World War was debatably the most significant period of the 20th century (Dennis Cove, 2002). The Germans were enforced to sign an embarrassing treaty accepting responsibility for causing the war, as well as dispense large amount of money in order to compensate for war costs. Second World War: Notes on Second World War. Readers can download each of the notes as PDF for free using the 'print-pdf' option. In Asia, the people of China had to bear the Mint of Japanese aggression from the early 1930s. Even much of Europe experienced major losses of physical property and landscape as well as finances. Inhuman medical experiments were conducted by Japanese ‘ doctors’ and ‘scientists’ on human beings. The project to develop the bomb was taken up when a number of scientists, suspecting that the Nazi Germany was developing the atom bomb, approached the US government. Feb 08, 2021 - Spectrum: Summary of Nationalist Response in the wake of World War II UPSC Notes | EduRev is made by best teachers of UPSC. The beginning of the century witnessed the division of the world into major international forces based on distinct ideologies. The Second World War broke out in September 1939 when Nazi (Germany) invaded Poland in pursuance of Hitler’s scheme of German expansion. DOWNLOAD MODERN INDIAN HISTORY NOTES . This note has information about the consequences of the second world war. In Norway, the German invaders were helped by Quisling, leader of Norway’s fascist party, who set up a puppet government in Norway under German occupation. It is believed that this occupation was a part of the secret provisions of the SovietGerman NonAggression Pact. The United States, Great Britain, and France flew in supplies. The Nazis’ hatred of the Jews has been mentioned before. It demanded freedom for India. Byomkesh Meher and more top educators are teaching live on Unacademy Plus. Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers, pending a more permanent political settlement. The very name ‘Quisling’ has come to mean a traitor who collaborates with the invaders of his country. As a result, the country inherited various modern hospitals, airports, communication systems, paved roads, sewers, recreational centres, and other assets it would not have otherwise been able to afford. The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic flaws. Introduction Second World War was an armed worldwide conflict that took place between the years 1939–45. The military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed. What were the main aims of the foreign policies of Italy and Germany ? When the Nazis resumed power, some of the terms of the treaty were outright disobeyed, whereas others were easy to plan using loopholes. Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass destruction. These countries were planning another redivision of the world and thus had to come into conflict with the established imperialist powers. The inheritance of Cold War battle, however, is not always easily removed, as many of the economic and social tensions that were subjugated to create Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute. It is also sometimes applied to other wars such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the Seven Years' War, the Cold War and Cold War II, a hypothetical World War III and even the Napoleonic Wars, if the United States is counted as a belligerent, as it was in the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The Americans lost 20 warships, and about 250 aircrafts. Members of the middle class who had been living reasonably comfortably on investments began to experience unsteady financial period. Is it Justified ? It controlled half of Germany and half of Germany's capital, Berlin. German air force began bombing raids on Britain in August 1940 with the aim of terrorizing her into surrender .The battle that ensued is known as the Battle of Britain. 76 : CAPF-2021 UPSC has included World History in General studies (Mains) syllabus from 2013. This entry was posted in Notes and tagged modern history summary, Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II, rajiv ahir summary, spectrum notes in hindi. In a period of no more than three months in 1923, the German mark jumped from 4.6 million marks to the dollar to 4.2 trillion marks to the dollar (Dennis Cove, 2002). Try to collect the views of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Indian National Congress on fascism from books on Indian freedom movement. hello Sir , Describe the consequences of the victory of fascism on Italy and Germany. This is called the logic of 'deterrence': both sides have the capacity to react against an attack and to cause so much annihilation that neither can afford to initiate war. However, in spite of the initial German successes, the German onslaught was halted. They also warned of the danger of starting a race in the production of atomic weapons if the atom bomb was used against Japan. The financial crisis in Germany coupled with misery and unemployment problem gave rise to Hitler. Vast areas of the Soviet Union were devastated, Leningrad was besieged and German troops were marching towards Moscow. United Nations: UPSC Notes The United Nations (UN) is a global organisation tasked with maintaining international peace and security while fostering friendly relations among nations. The Second World War was the most destructive war in history. The Cold War subjugated the second half of the 20th century, resulting in the downfall of communism.
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