[246] However, fascism generally distinguishes itself from populism by not recognising the democratic rights of the people or believing that they are capable of governing, instead maintaining that a vanguard should take charge. Rather than choosing laws for themselves, these citizens are only mobilised for elections in which their only option is to select their representatives rather than taking a more direct role in legislation and governance. Maier, Chris. [52], As a result of the various different ideologies with which populism can be paired, the forms that populism can take vary widely. [36] Another use of the term in popular discourse is to describe opportunistic policies designed to quickly please voters rather than deciding a more rational course of action. [142], The length of time since a country has been democratized has also been linked to its potential for populist success. In 1867, the first such national organization was formed. [200], Many populist parties achieve an electoral breakthrough but then fail to gain electoral persistence, with their success fading away at subsequent elections. AP.USH: KC‑6.1.I.A (KC), KC‑6.1.III.A (KC), KC‑6.1.III.B (KC), KC‑6.2.II.A (KC), MIG (Theme), Unit 6: Learning Objective B. ", Mudde, Cas (17 February 2015) "The Problem with Populism", Betz, Hans Georg & Johnson, Carol (2004) Against the current – stemming the tide: the nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right Journal of political ideologies.. (1996-) Abingdon: Carfax, Oct2004, Vol. [168] [351] At the same time, mass media was giving less attention to the "high culture" of elites and more to other sectors of society, as reflected in reality television shows such as Big Brother. [2] The political scientist Will Brett characterised it as "a classic example of a stretched concept, pulled out of shape by overuse and misuse",[3] while the political scientist Paul Taggart has said of populism that it is "one of the most widely used but poorly understood political concepts of our time". The Populists supported policies to relieve the hardships of farmers and had an important impact on the politics of the 1890s. [61] Although populists of different ideological traditions can oppose each other, they can also form coalitions, as was seen in the Greek coalition government which brought together the left-wing populist Syriza and the right-wing populist Independent Greeks in 2015. [93], For some populist leaders and movements, the term "the elite" also refers to an academic or intellectual establishment and, as such, entails scholars, intellectuals, experts, or organized science as a whole. Emibayer, Mustafa and Ann Mishe. [56], The ideational definition of populism used by Ben Stanley[57], The ideologies with which populism can be paired can be contradictory, resulting in different forms of populism that can oppose each other. But as, noted by Moretti (2012), the last three decades have witnessed the ‘Great Divergence’. [318] These relied on the Americanismo ideology, presenting a common identity across Latin America and denouncing any interference from imperialist powers. "Grassroots organizing in the digital age: considering values and technology in Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street". "Positioning the people and its enemies". [264] According to Eatwell, the narodniks "are often seen as the first populist movement". [250] Chavez's Venezuela and Correa's Ecuador have both been characterised as having moved toward authoritarianism. The other four were forms of "political populism", representing populist dictatorship, populist democracy, reactionary populism, and politicians' populism. [333][334], In much of Africa, populism has been a rare phenomenon. This is claimed to be because younger democracies have less established political parties and weaker liberal democratic norms. "[214] Adamidis argues that the effect of populism on democracy can be measured by reference to its impact on the democratic legal systems and, in particular, to the changes it effects on their rule of recognition. Conniff, Michael L. "A historiography of populism and neopopulism in Latin America", Knight, Alan. [46] The political scientist Manuel Anselmi proposed that populism be defined as featuring a "homogenous community-people" which "perceives itself as the absolute holder of popular sovereignty" and "expresses an anti-establishment attitude. [17] The political scientists Yves Mény and Yves Surel noted that "populism" had become "a catchword, particularly in the media, to designate the newborn political or social movements which challenge the entrenched values, rules and institutions of democratic orthodoxy. [6] The Russian and American movements differed in various respects, and the fact that they shared a name was coincidental. In popular discourse—where the term has often been used pejoratively—it has sometimes been used synonymously with demagogy, to describe politicians who present overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with opportunism, to characterise politicians who seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action. [289] Corbyn's suspension was controversial, and many local Labour Parties passed motions opposing the decision. "[108] For populists, the general will of "the people" is something that should take precedence over the preferences of "the elite". [232] In other instances, mainstream politicians have adopted elements of a populist political style while competing against populist opponents. [49] According to Stanley, "the thinness of populism ensures that in practice it is a complementary ideology: it does not so much overlap with as diffuse itself throughout full ideologies. [147] For instance, the Great Recession of 2007 and its impact on the economies of southern Europe was a catalyst for the rise of Syriza in Greece and Podemos in Spain, while the Mani pulite corruption scandal of the early 1990s played a significant part in the rise of the Italian populist Silvio Berlusconi. Left and right populists[…] both regard representative democracy as being captivated by political elites and powerful interest groups. [165] Another recurring feature of male populist leaders is the emphasis that they place on their own virility. [342], In southeast Asia, populist politicians emerged in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. [78] [244], The historian Roger Eatwell noted that although fascism and populism "differ notably ideologically", fascist politicians have "borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style". Have people the right, in a democracy, to hold an opinion? In trying to win over populist supporters, and perhaps even some elites, liberal democrats should avoid both simplistic solutions that pander to "the people" and elitist discourses that dismiss the moral and intellectual competence of ordinary citizens – both will only strengthen the populists. [138], The cultural backlash thesis argues that right-wing populism is reaction to the rise of postmaterialism in many developed countries, including the spread of feminism, multiculturalism, and environmentalism. [8] Following 2016, the year which saw the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States and the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union—both events linked to populism—the word populism became one of the most widely used terms by international political commentators. Other scholars of the social sciences have defined the term populism differently. [104], Another common tactic among populists, particularly in Europe, is the accusation that "the elites" place the interests of immigrants above those of the native population. [51] 9 Issue 3. Three of these were forms of "agrarian populism"; these included farmers' radicalism, peasant movements, and intellectual agrarian socialism. In the 21st century, the term became increasingly common in political discourse, particularly in the Americas and Europe, to describe a range of left-wing, right-wing, and centrist groups that challenged the established parties. [123], The socioeconomic definition of populism applies the term to what it regards as an irresponsible form of economic policy by which a government engages in a period of massive public spending financed by foreign loans, after which the country falls into hyperinflation and harsh economic adjustments are then imposed. [33], According to this approach, populism is viewed as a "thin ideology" or "thin-centred ideology" which on its own is seen as too insubstantial to provide a blueprint for societal change. It thus differs from the "thick-centred" or "full" ideologies such as fascism, liberalism, and socialism, which provide more far-reaching ideas about social transformation. Westward expansion: economic development. Abromeit, John. [258] Populism has often been linked to the spread of democracy, both as an idea and as a framework for governance. [23] As a result of this scholarly interest, an academic field known as "populism studies" emerged. vast regions of the United States, from the South to the Mid-West. [58] As well as populists of the left and right, populist figures like Italy's Beppe Grillo have been characterised as centrist and liberals,[59] while groups like Turkey's Justice and Development Party have been described as combining populism with Islamism,[60] and India's Bharatiya Janata Party has been seen as mixing populism with Hindu nationalism. 2011. [72] A third use of "the people" by populists employs it as a synonym for "the nation", whether that national community be conceived in either ethnic or civic terms. [157], The overwhelming majority of populist leaders have been men,[152] although there have been various females occupying this role. Populist notions of the "general will" and its links with populist leaders are usually based on the idea of "common sense". [308] The populist approach of the Occupy movement was broader, with its "people" being what it called "the 99%", while the "elite" it challenged was presented as both the economic and political elites. Margaret Canovan on how the term populism was used, 1981[1], The word populism has become a contested term that has been used in reference to a diverse variety of movements and beliefs. Populism and strongmen are not intrinsically connected, however; as stressed by Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, "only a minority of strongmen are populists and only a minority of populists is a strongman". [68] For populists, the way of life of "the people" is presented as being rooted in history and tradition and regarded as being conducive to public good. [307] These politicians presented a consisted message that a "liberal elite" was threatening "our way of life" and using the welfare state to placate the poor and thus maintain their own power. 2008. Although the term "populist" can be traced back to, The rise of populism in Western Europe is, in large part, a reaction to the failure of traditional parties to respond adequately in the eyes of the electorate to a series of phenomena such as, Gagnon, Jean-Paul; Beausoleil, Emily; Son, Kyong-Min; Arguelles, Cleve; Chalaye, Pierrick; and Johnston, Callum. [28] She noted that these were "analytical constructs" and that "real-life examples may well overlap several categories",[29] adding that no single political movement fitted into all seven categories. Read More on This Topic United States: The Populists of the United States [30] In this way, Canovan conceived of populism as a family of related concepts rather than as a single concept in itself. Populist leaders and American fascist leaders generally, like many other American political leaders, had embraced the demagogic style. [350] At the same time, politicians increasingly faced television interviews, exposing their flaws. Kazin, Michael. [274], At the turn of the 21st century, populist rhetoric and movements became increasingly apparent in Western Europe. The existence of two homogeneous units of analysis: 'the people' and 'the elite'. "Populist Influences on American Fascism". [38] These differences have occurred both within specific scholarly disciplines and among different disciplines,[39] varying for instance among scholars focusing on different regions and different historical periods. [10], Although the term began as a self-designation, part of the confusion surrounding it stems from the fact that it has rarely been used in this way, with few political figures openly describing themselves as "populists". [176] Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser suggested that populist personalist leadership was more common in countries with a presidential system rather than a parliamentary one because these allow for the election of a single individual to the role of head of government without the need for an accompanying party. [310] Both campaigns criticised free trade deals such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. [147] Another catalyst for the growth of populism is a widespread perception among voters that the political system is unresponsive to them. [237] In certain countries, certain mainstream media outlets have supported populist groups; in Austria, the Kronen Zeitung played a prominent role in endorsing Haider, in the United Kingdom the Daily Express supported the UK Independence Party, while in the United States, Fox News gave much positive coverage and encouragement to the Tea Party movement. [173] One example is Thaksin Shinawatra, who was twice deputy prime minister of Thailand before launching his own populist political party;[173] another is Rafael Correa, who served as the Ecuadorean finance minister before launching a left-wing populist challenge. [357][358], Political philosophy that supports needs and desires of "the people" over those of "the powerful. 2008. [323] Prominent examples included Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. (2018) "What is populism? Only the latter will actually strengthen liberal democracy. [75], A third component of the ideational approach to populism is the idea of the general will, or volonté générale. "The Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party: A Comparison to American Populism at the Turn of the Century". Athens and Populares, a political faction active in the Roman Republic from the second century BCE. [120] This approach to the term is common among historians in the United States and those who have studied the late 19th century People's Party. 2008. [40], The ideational definition of populism used by Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser[41], A common approach to defining populism is known as the ideational approach. [228] They also argued that stronger rule of law and the elimination of systemic corruption were also important facets in preventing populist growth. Others have suggested that the consensus for the new populist parties is a reaction to [86], When populists take governmental power, they are faced with a challenge in that they now represent a new elite. [181] In Latin America, there is a long tradition of using mass media as a way for charismatic leaders to directly communicate with the poorly educated masses, first by radio and then by television. Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite". [324] These socialist populist governments have presented themselves as giving sovereignty "back to the people", in particular through the formation of constituent assemblies that would draw up new constitutions, which could then be ratified via referendums. [135] Populism offers a broad identity which gives sovereignty to the previously marginalized masses as 'the people'. [201] Similarly, the Belgian Vlaams Belang party has its stronghold in Antwerp, while the Swiss People's Party has its stronghold in Zurich. "[356] Pippa Norris and Ronald F. Inglehart examine two theories on the causes of support for the growing populist movements in Western societies. [49] It could be argued that populism is democratic as it allows voters to remove governments they don’t approve via the ballot box because voting is an essential value for a state to be considered a democracy. [317] In various countries, politicians took power while emphasising "the people": these included Getúlio Vargas in Brazil, Juan Perón in Argentina, and José María Velasco Ibarra in Ecuador. [344] Unlike many other successful populist groups, the BJP was not wholly reliant on the personality of its leader, but survived as a powerful electoral vehicle under several leaders. [323], The third wave began in the final years of the 1990s and continued into the 21st century. [271] The Czech Civic Forum party for instance campaigned on the slogan "Parties are for party members, Civic Forum is for everybody". [213], Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argued that "populism is essentially democratic, but at odds with liberal democracy," since populism is based on putting into effect "the will of the people". [96] When populists emphasise ethnicity as part of their discourse, "the elite" can sometimes be presented as "ethnic traitors". [320] Once in power, these individuals pursued neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). [88] Rather, according to Stanley, in populist discourse the "fundamental distinguishing feature" of "the elite" is that it is in an "adversarial relationship" with "the people". [177], A subset of populism which deals with the use of media by politicians is called "media populism". Latin American populism has usually been considered as an integrationist strategy towards the urban working classes in the context of mass democracy and import substitution industrialization. [159], Populist leaders are sometimes also characterised as strongmen or—in Latin American countries—as caudillos. [290], The United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) had been characterised as a right-wing populist party. [170] More common is that they are "insider-outsiders", strongly connected to the inner circles of government but not having ever been part of it. [133] Various factors have been claimed to increase the demand for populism: The modernisation losers thesis argues that certain aspects of transition to modernity has caused demand for populism. [120] Laclau's initial emphasis was on class antagonisms arising between different classes, although he later altered his perspective to claim that populist discourses could arise from any part of the socio-institutional structure. [331] New Zealand First has presented a more lasting populist platform; long-time party leader Winston Peters has been characterised by some as a populist who uses anti-establishment rhetoric,[332] though in a uniquely New Zealand style. [341] Although the Arab Spring was not a populist movement itself, populist rhetoric was present among protesters. Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines.
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