The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years' War, remained off-limits to settlement from the thirteen American colonies. Indigenous women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions. Spain (Spanish: España, ()), formally the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Because the French would refuse trade to all indigenous societies that denied relations with missionaries, the Huron had more of a propensity towards Christian conversion. The furs coming down were causing an oversupply on the markets of Europe. This was the furthest westward outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall. In La Rochelle on July 4, 1646 Trottier had been granted land to build and develop New France by Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, acting under commission of Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie. Their descendants are dispersed in the Maritime provinces of Canada and in Maine and Louisiana, with small populations in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands. [37] It was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 1665 and 1666. This is the start of the Hudson's Bay Company, ironically aided by French coureurs des bois, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers, frustrated with French license rules. [15], Other attempts at establishing permanent settlements were also failures. New France was a large area in continental North America that was colonized by France from 1534 to 1763. [108], In Acadia, however, war continued. [81] The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France, including property, marriage, inheritance, and so on. [82] He was also responsible for supervising the king's attorneys' daily operations as well as execution of royal edicts and regulations passed by the council in their respective districts.[83]. As a result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. [29] La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his Fort Saint Louis in what is now Texas. [90], The court of admiralty was created on 12 January 1717 and was the last judicial body set up in Canada during the French colonial period. [90] The court heard first instance trials on maritime affairs, including commerce and seamen's conduct. [90] It first appeared in around 1660 but was not officially recognized by state authorities for it was not administered by a bishop, until 1684. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when Louis XIV made it a royal province, taking control away from the Company of One Hundred Associates. A Franco-Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801, but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, ending French colonial efforts in North America. [119] However, Cornelius Jaenen notes that French-Canadian historians remain strongly divided on the subject. The final Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Some also went to France. It would soon become the new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France's economy, in particular that of Montreal, for the next century. This placed Ville-Marie, later known as Montreal, at the forefront against the Iroquois, which resulted in its trade being easily and frequently interrupted. [44] This would dramatically change in the mid 1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. The King also sent the Carignan-Saliéres Regiment to Quebec in 1665, to conquer the Indigenous Iroquois in order to occupy their land. In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. The French Catholic Church, which after Champlain's death was the dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a utopian Christian community in the colony. They traded furs for metal tools and other European made items that made their lives easier. "[69] Jesuits would attempt to justify this to the indigenous women in hopes to enlighten them on proper European behavior. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. In the early stage of French settlement, legal matters fell within the Governor of New France's purview. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes numerous place names as well as small pockets of French-speaking communities. [96] Yet since Acadia never actually had a court, there was no clerk of court; instead, trials were recorded by a local notary. [67] The indigenous peoples believed that if they did not convert to Christianity, they would be exposed to the evil magic of the priests that caused the illness. Many eventually settled in Quebec or Louisiana, while others returned to the regions of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Unlike Canada, Acadia's judicial system was somewhat under-developed during the New France period. [73] However, the Seneschal was under the oversight by the Governor, hence the Governor still had rather extensive control over legal matters in New France. Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, Father Le Loutre's War (1749â1755) began with the British founding of Halifax. If the Iroquois could destroy New France and its Indian allies, they would be able to trade freely and profitably with the Dutch and English on the Hudson River. Around 1523, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced King Francis I to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). In 1598, a French trading post was established on Sable Island, off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. These coureurs des bois ("runners of the woods"), such as Ãtienne Brûlé, extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there. In Canada, the legacy of New France can be seen in the enduring Francophone identity of its descendants, which has led to institutional bilingualism in Canada as a whole. The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River. Following the American acquisition of the territory, its population tripled between 1803 and Louisiana statehood in 1812. [94] There was not an official court in Acadia, although the king's attorney of Acadia performed very similar duties as his counterpart in New France. In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous peoples. Francophone historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in 2009, that today, "1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand, but, rather, to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control. [22] Champlain was named Governor of New France and Richelieu forbade non-Roman Catholics from living there. The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as Upper Canada and Lower Canada, 1791â1841, and then those regions were merged as the Province of Canada during 1841â1867, when the passage of the British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada. Cardinal Richelieu, adviser to Louis XIII, wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies. The Island of Montreal was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St-Sulpice. The King's Daughters found husbands among the male settlers within a year or two, as well as a new life for themselves. [65] With the growing epidemics and high number of deaths, the Huron could not afford to lose relations with the French, fearing to anger their ancestors. They were from commoner families in the Paris area, Normandy and the central-western regions of France. The war finally ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris and French rule in North America came to an end, and the territory of New France was transferred to the British. The huge territory comprised of five individual colonies including Canada (Québec, Trois-Riviéres and Montréal), Hudson’s Bay, Acadie, Plaisance and Louisiane. The French were interested in exploiting the land through the fur trade as well as the timber trade later on. Britain retained Canada, Acadia, and the parts of French Louisiana which lay east of the Mississippi River, except for the Ãle d'Orléans, which was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. [98] The Iroquois formally attacked the settlement at today's Quebec City in its foundation year of 1642, and in almost every subsequent year thereafter. The French King Henry IV sent Samuel de Champlain, Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, and a group of 28 men to establish the city of Quebec in 1608. [24] The crown stimulated emigration to New France by paying for transatlantic passages and offering other incentives to those willing to move, and the population of New France grew to three thousand.[25]. [23] Champlain returned to Canada that year, and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois-Rivières, which he did in 1634. The Sovereign Council effectively acted as the functional equivalent of a Council of State (Conseil d'Ãtat) for New France, having the authority to hand down verdicts on final appeal. [111] Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George, the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700 Native Americans led by Baron Dieskau (Military commander of New France). Construction of Fortress Louisbourg on Ãle Royale, a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River settlements, began in 1719. New France (French: Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763).. [90] Appeals from this court lay with the Sovereign Council. Father Jacques Marquette and explorer Louis Jolliet traveled in a small party, starting from Green Bay down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River, communicating with the tribes they met en route. Although Louisiana was property of France by the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, Louisiana continued to be administered by Spain until the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In Louisiana their descendants became known as the Cajuns, a corruption of the French Acadiens. In 1604, the French established the colony of Acadia in the surrounding areas of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The territory stretched from the Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico and from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies. In 1755, General Edward Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne, and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies, Braddock's army was routed and Braddock was killed. Louisiana remained under the control of Spain until it was demanded to be turned over to France by Napoleon. [78] Feudal courts heard minor cases. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain (Mexico) and English Newfoundland. The Great Seneschal also had a magistrate in Trois-Rivières, as well as a bailiff formed by the Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice on the Island of Montreal. Many settlers did not know how to survive through the winter; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World. [15], In 1608, King Henry IV sponsored Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain as founders of the city of Quebec with 28 men. While Acadia survived the English invasion during King William's War, the colony fell during Queen Anne's War. In 1754 New France's population consisted of 10,000 Acadians, 55,000 Canadiens, while the territories of upper and lower Louisiana had about 4,000 permanent French settlers, summing to 69,000 people.[10]. The government of the colony was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the Minister of the Marine in France. [113][114] The European population had grown slowly under French rule. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.[22]. [21], During the first decades of the colony's existence, the French population numbered only a few hundred, while the English colonies to the south were much more populous and wealthy. Quebec survived the English invasions of both these wars, and during the wars France seized many of the English Hudson's Bay Company fur trading centres on Hudson Bay including York Factory, which the French renamed Fort Bourbon. In 1756, the Seven Years' War started in Europe. In addition, dwindling supply increased black market trading. Still, the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the Ottawa River as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point. This territory that was located between the English Newfoundland and New Spain (Mexico) were named by Verrazzano as Nova Gallia (New France) and Francesca. The first commercial shipment to come down the Mississippi River was of deer and bear hides in 1705. The women played a major role in establishing family life, civil society, and enabling rapid demographic growth. Throughout the war, the British forcibly removed the Acadians from their lands, which the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias resisted. [109][110], The war began on two fronts: when New England pushed its way through Maine and when New England established itself at Canso, Nova Scotia. [88], After the Sovereign Council was established in Quebec in 1663, the Council carried out criminal justice according to the general ordinances of France. [15] It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as Acadia, and the settlers as Acadians. The French then moved towards the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River and claimed their possession over a large part including the Ohio River Valley, Mississippi River Valley, La Louisiane, and other settlements. Fort Duquesne, located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, guarded the most important strategic location in the west at the time of the Seven Years' War. This led his sailing ship to the present-day New York, which he named Nouvelle-Angoulême in the honor of the French King, Francis I. Verrazzano’s exploration convinced the King to establish a colony in the newly explored area. The next year, the French fleet sailed further into the St. Lawrence River and visited the Indigenous settlements at Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal). Father Rale's War (1722â1725) was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy, who were allied with New France. Twelve years after the British defeated the French, the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Thirteen Colonies. [51] The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans, by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the Iroquois. And yet, when the British force with civilians was three miles from the fort, the Native American allies massacred about 1100 of the 1500 strong force. [39] The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people. The French built Fort Duquesne here to serve as a military stronghold and as a base for developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the indigenous peoples of the area. New Orleans, the largest and most important city in the territory, was the most commercial city in the United States until the Civil War, with most jobs there being related to trade and shipping; there was little manufacturing. [119] French-Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s, as the conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec's nationalism. The coureurs des bois were responsible for starting the flow of trade from Montreal, carrying French goods into upper territories while indigenous people were bringing down their furs. They showed the settlers how to hunt for food and to use the furs for clothing that would protect them during the winter months.[53]. Here we characterise and quantify a … It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of indigenous warfare and rivalry. New France claimed this as part of their colony, and the French were anxious to keep the British from encroaching on it. [54], Since Henry Hudson had claimed Hudson Bay, and the surrounding lands for England in 1611, English colonists had begun expanding their boundaries across what is now the Canadian north beyond the French-held territory of New France. Peace lasted in Canada until 1744, when news of the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War in North America) reached Fort Louisbourg. These reforms limited the power of the Bishop of Quebec, who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355. The Governor of New France served as the judge to the colonists as well as soldiers. There he participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his arquebus. This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated. [51], The issues caused a great rift in the colony, and in 1678, it was confirmed by a General Assembly that the trade was to be made in public so as to better assure the safety of the indigenous population. It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the St. Lawrence River. To strengthen the colony and make it the centre of France's colonial empire, Louis XIV decided to send single women, aged between 15 and 30 known as the King's Daughters or in French, les filles du roi, to New France, paying for their passage and granting goods or money as a dowry. The fur trade remained dependent on spirits, and increasingly in the hands of the coureurs who journeyed north in search of furs.[51]. In 1759, the British besieged Quebec by sea, and an army under General James Wolfe defeated the French under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September. The huge territory comprised of five individual colonies including Canada (Québec, Trois-Riviéres and Montréal), Hudson’s Bay, Acadie, Plaisance and Louisiane. The trading post of Ville-Marie, established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. The Louvre displays 35,000 artworks (many considered masterpieces) - from antiquities to European paintings of the 15th to 19th centuries. [85] In 1693, the French king commanded the replacement of the ecclesiastical courts in Montreal with a royal court composed of one royal judge, with appeals going to the Sovereign Council. On Sept 23, 1646 under the command of Pierre LeGardeur, Le Cardinal arrived to Quebec with Jules (Gilles) Trottier II and his family. In the beginning, the French who fought together with the aboriginal tribes launched surprise attacks on the British settlements. [76] The king's attorney (procureur du roi) was responsible for inquiring into the facts and preparing the case against the accused. However these restrictions on the coureurs, for a variety of reasons, never worked. The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht resulted in France giving Great Britain its claims over mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland. This challenged the coureurs trade because they so easily evaded controls, monopolies, and taxation, and additionally because the coureurs trade was held to debauch both French and various indigenous groups. The first settlement of 400 people, Fort Charlesbourg-Royal (present-day Quebec City), was attempted in 1541 but lasted only two years.[16]. Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 1700s the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal. In 1653, a peace invitation was extended by the Onondaga Nation, one of the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. In December 1627 the Company of New France was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of furs from French territories. [77] Each district had its own separate jurisdiction with a judge appointed by the Crown, known as the civil and criminal lieutenants general. [73] In 1651, the Company of New France made the Great Seneschal (Grand Sénéchal) the chief justice. Since 1640, a Seneschal (sénéchal), a Judge (juge d'épée, which literally means 'sword-bearing judge'), and a jurisdiction in Trois-Rivières were created. [104][105][106] King William's War ended in 1697, but a second war (Queen Anne's War) broke out in 1702. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippi River Valley, and he claimed the entire territory for France as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. [46] Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the North American fur trade. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills, like farming, apothecaries, blacksmiths. By 1672, the population of New France had risen to 6,700, from 3,200 in 1663. The French (later Spanish) Louisiana Territory was owned by France for a number of years before the money-losing territory was transferred to French banker Antoine Crozat in 1713 for 15 years. It was not until 16 September 1666, that the St-Sulpicians finally handed over the justice of the Island of Montreal to the Intendant of New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks and provisioners. The company conducted a major settlement program by recruiting European settlers to locate in the territory. Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America. [55][56][57] Now both France and England were formally in the Canadian fur trade.[58]. The Provostry of Quebec was located in the Hall of Justice (palais de justice) in Quebec City and had only one royal judge, also known as the civil and criminal lieutenant general of Quebec City, who heard both civil and criminal cases, as well as district police. [40], European population of Louisiana is estimated at around 5,000 by the 1720s. [20], Champlain allied himself as soon as possible with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois. [34][115][116] The British Thirteen Colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast grew in population from natural increase and more new settlers from Europe. New France (French: Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763). [73] However, the Island of Montreal had its special Governor at that time, who also administered justice on the Island, and had not handed over justice to the Grand Seneschal until 1652. France formally ceded Canada to the British in the Treaty of Paris, signed 10 February 1763.[112]. These British military successes were resisted, with successes by the French and Native Americans. The following year the French had one victory and one defeat. [63] In 1642, they sponsored a group of settlers, led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, who founded Ville-Marie, precursor to present-day Montreal, farther up the St. In 1653 and 1654, reinforcements arrived at Montreal, which allowed the Iroquois to be halted. [31] Many of these forts were garrisoned by the Troupes de la Marine, the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755. In 1745, William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. Louis XV saw little value in Louisiana, and to compensate Spain for its losses in the Seven Years' War, he transferred Louisiana to his cousin Charles III in 1762. Protestants were required to renounce their faith prior to settling in New France; many therefore chose instead to move to the English colonies. He would announce his verdict at the presence of the chiefs of the Company of One Hundred Associates and that would be final. Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and/or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy.
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